Disease resistance refers to the innate ability of an organism to repel, delay the onset, restrict the infection, or reduce the severity of a pathogen. It is an evolved defense mechanism that enables plants and animals to avoid or limit infections.
In plants, disease resistance often works through molecular recognition between the host and pathogen. For example, resistance (R) genes in the plant can recognize matching avirulence (Avr) genes in the invading pathogen. This “gene-for-gene” interaction triggers defense responses like programmed cell death to isolate the infection. Crop breeders strategically introgress R genes to protect varieties from devastating diseases.
Animals also have innate and adaptive immune defenses against pathogens. Physical and chemical barriers like skin, mucus, and stomach acid provide nonspecific resistance. While the adaptive system responds more precisely with antibodies and cell-mediated immunity. Selective breeding of livestock focuses on animals with natural disease resilience.
Building disease resilience is crucial for food security and public health. Climate change and globalization enable pathogens to expand ranges into naïve populations. With proactive management of our crops, livestock, and microbiomes, we can bolster disease resistance without excessive pesticides and drugs.
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In summary, disease resistance depends on multifaceted and efficient immune responses. Individuals and populations with robust defenses suffer less severe symptoms and disruptions from infections. Promoting natural resilience should be a top priority.